Alcohol Use Disorder

Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), also referred to as alcoholism, alcohol abuse disorder, alcohol addiction disorder, alcohol substance use disorder, or ETOH use disorder. It is a chronic relapsing brain condition characterized by an impaired ability to stop or control alcohol use despite adverse social, occupational, and health problems which may be mental and physical. Chronic alcoholism affects not only the liver and stomach but virtually all other organs and tissues as well.

Types

There are two types of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD):

Alcohol abuse/drink abuse and alcohol dependence. Alcohol abuse is the excessive consumption of alcohol, resulting in negative consequences such as legal problems, relationship issues, and poor work or school performance. Alcohol dependence/addiction, on the other hand, involves a physical and psychological dependence on alcohol. The person experiences alcohol withdrawal symptoms when they try to stop drinking.

Symptoms

Signs and Symptoms of alcoholism/alcohol addiction may vary from person to person, but some common ones include:

Behavioral Symptoms:

• Drinking more or longer than intended: This could involve exceeding personal limits, exceeding social norms, or continuing to drink despite promising to stop.
• Loss of control over drinking: Feeling unable to stop drinking once started, or difficulty cutting back despite wanting to.
• Cravings for alcohol: A strong urge or need to drink, often accompanied by feelings of obsession or preoccupation.
• Tolerance: Needing to drink more and more alcohol to achieve the same desired effects.
• Withdrawal symptoms: Experiencing physical and emotional discomfort when trying to stop or reduce alcohol intake, such as shakiness, sweating, anxiety, insomnia, nausea, or hallucinations.
• Spending a significant amount of time obtaining, using, or recovering from alcohol: This can involve devoting excessive time to activities like purchasing alcohol, hiding drinking, or dealing with hangover effects.
• Giving up important activities: Neglecting hobbies, interests, relationships, or work due to drinking.
• Continuing to drink despite negative consequences: Persisting in alcohol use even though it’s causing problems with work, relationships, health, or finances.
• Engaging in risky behaviors while drinking: Driving under the influence, having unprotected sex, or putting oneself in other dangerous situations due to alcohol impairment.

Emotional and Mental Symptoms:

• Irritability and mood swings when not drinking.
• Depression and anxiety related to alcohol use.
• Guilt and shame after drinking.
• Blackouts or memory loss due to alcohol.
• Denial about the extent of the drinking problem.

Physical Symptoms:

• Liver damage and other health problems related to alcohol abuse.
• Hangovers with headaches, nausea, and fatigue.
• Tremors and shaking when experiencing withdrawal.
• Sleep disturbances and insomnia.
• Changes in appetite and weight.

Causes

The exact causes of alcoholism are not fully understood, but it is believed that genetics, environmental factors, and personal choices can all contribute to the development of the condition. Factors that can increase the risk of alcohol substance use disorder (AUD) include:

Biological:

• Genetics: Studies suggest inheriting genes linked to brain chemistry and reward systems can increase AUD risk.
• Brain function: Abnormalities in brain processes like dopamine release and stress response pathways may play a role.

Environmental:

• Early life trauma: Experiencing physical, sexual, or emotional abuse in childhood significantly increases alcoholism risk.
• Stressful events: Major life stressors like family conflicts, financial woes, or job loss can trigger unhealthy coping mechanisms through alcohol.
• Access to alcohol: Easy availability of alcohol, especially during adolescence, makes it more likely for individuals to experiment and develop dependence.

Psychological:

• Mental health conditions: Individuals with depression, anxiety, PTSD, or eating disorders are more vulnerable to AUD as they might turn to alcohol for self-medication.
• Personality traits: Impulsivity, low self-esteem, and poor coping skills can heighten the risk of developing alcohol abuse disorder.

Social:

• Peer pressure: Surrounding yourself with peers who normalize heavy drinking can increase the likelihood of excessive alcohol consumption.
• Cultural norms: Certain cultures have heavy drinking traditions, making it socially acceptable and potentially leading to alcohol use disorder development.
• Family history: Having a family member with alcohol use disorder significantly increases your risk due to both genetic and environmental factors.

Risks

Alcohol use disorder can lead to severe health risks, including:

• Depression, anxiety, Suicidal thoughts, behavioral abnormalities, and Psychosis
• Domestic violence, Drunk & driving, falls, accidents, public intoxication, and other alcohol-related offenses can lead to legal trouble, including fines, jail time, and loss of driving privileges.
• Financial Risks like loss of job and medical expenses
• Children of parents with alcohol use disorder are at increased risk of developing mental health problems and alcohol use disorder themselves.

Diagnosis

A medical professional can diagnose Alcohol use disorder by assessing a person’s drinking habits, symptoms, and medical history. Blood tests and imaging tests can also help diagnose alcohol-related health problems.

Treatment

The treatment for alcohol addiction typically involves a combination of medications, AUD therapy, and support groups. It is advisable to seek help from a healthcare professional, such as a psychiatrist, addiction specialist, or primary care physician for medications. Prescribed medications such as naltrexone and acamprosate can help reduce cravings and the desire to drink. Therapy can help address the underlying mental health conditions that contribute to Alcohol use disorder. Support groups such as Alcoholics Anonymous can provide a supportive environment for individuals to stop drinking alcohol and recover.

Natural Remedies:

Some natural remedies may help reduce the symptoms of alcoholism, including:

• St. John’s Wort: A herbal supplement that may help alleviate depression and anxiety symptoms.
• Kudzu root: A plant extract that may help reduce alcohol cravings.
• Milk thistle: A herbal supplement that may help protect the liver from alcohol-related damage.

Home Remedies:

While professional help is crucial for treating Alcohol use disorder, certain home remedies can support recovery, such as:

• Engaging in regular exercise and physical activity to improve overall well-being and reduce cravings.
• Practicing stress-reduction techniques like meditation, deep breathing exercises, or yoga to manage stress and prevent relapse.
• Building a strong support system by connecting with supportive friends, and family, or joining support groups.
• Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, adequate sleep, and avoiding triggers or situations that may tempt alcohol consumption.

Homeopathy Treatment:

Homeopathy is a system of alternative medicine that uses highly diluted substances to stimulate the body’s natural healing processes. While there is limited scientific evidence to support the effectiveness of homeopathic treatments for alcohol use disorder, some individuals may choose to explore homeopathic remedies. It is important to consult with a qualified homeopathic practitioner for personalized advice.

Ayurveda Treatment:

Ayurveda, an ancient system of medicine from India, focuses on balancing the mind, body, and spirit. Ayurvedic treatments for alcohol use disorder may include herbal remedies, dietary modifications, detoxification procedures, and lifestyle changes. It is crucial to consult with an experienced Ayurvedic practitioner for proper guidance and supervision.

Unani Medicine Treatment:

Unani medicine, also known as Greco-Arabic medicine, emphasizes restoring the body’s equilibrium to achieve optimal health. Unani treatments for alcohol use disorder may include herbal medicines, dietary recommendations, lifestyle modifications, and detoxification procedures. Consultation with a trained Unani practitioner is recommended for personalized treatment plans.

Alternative Therapies:

In addition to conventional medical treatments, alternative therapies can complement the management of alcohol use disorder. Some alternative therapies that individuals may consider include:

• Acupuncture: Involves the insertion of thin needles into specific points on the body to promote balance and alleviate cravings and withdrawal symptoms.
• Mindfulness-based techniques such as mindfulness meditation, can help individuals develop awareness and non-judgmental acceptance of their thoughts, emotions, and cravings related to alcohol.
• Yoga and relaxation techniques: Practicing yoga and relaxation exercises can aid in stress reduction and promote a sense of well-being, which can be beneficial for individuals in recovery from alcohol use disorder.
• Art therapy: Engaging in creative activities like painting, drawing, or music can serve as a therapeutic outlet, helping individuals express their emotions and cope with stress without resorting to alcohol.

It is important to note that while alternative therapies can be used as complementary approaches, they should not replace evidence-based medical treatments and professional guidance for alcohol use disorder.

In children:

Alcohol use in children is illegal and can lead to severe health and legal consequences. Children who drink alcohol are at an increased risk of developing alcohol addiction disorder later in life.

In teens:

Teenagers who drink alcohol are at an increased risk of developing alcohol substance use disorder, and it can also negatively impact their brain development and academic performance.

In Adults:

Adult alcohol syndrome is most prevalent among adults, and it can lead to severe health and social consequences if left untreated. Seeking professional help can be crucial in treating alcoholism in adults.

In Pregnancy:

Pregnant women who consume alcohol are at risk of giving birth to a child with fetal alcohol syndrome, a severe condition that can lead to physical and mental disabilities. Pregnant women should avoid consuming liquor.

Foods:

There are no specific foods that can cure alcohol use disorder, but a healthy diet can help improve overall health and reduce the risk of alcohol-related health problems. Foods rich in antioxidants, such as fruits and vegetables, can help protect the liver from alcohol-related damage

Prevention

Preventing alcoholism involves adopting healthy lifestyle choices and reducing liquor consumption. Some preventive measures include:

• Setting limits on liquor consumption and sticking to them
• Avoiding peer pressure and situations that may encourage excessive drinking
• Seeking healthier ways to cope with stress and emotions
• Developing a support system of family and friends
• Educating oneself about the risks and consequences of alcohol abuse

Complications

If left untreated, alcohol use disorder can lead to various complications, such as:

• Liver diseases: Long-term alcohol abuse can cause irreversible damage to the liver, leading to alcoholic steatosis (Fatty Liver) Alcoholic Hepatitis, Alcoholic Cirrhosis, portal Hypertension, and hepatocellular cancer.
• Malnutrition.
• Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: A neurological disorder caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, commonly seen in heavy drinkers.
• Pancreatitis: Excessive alcohol consumption can cause inflammation of the pancreas, leading to pancreatitis, a painful and potentially life-threatening condition.
• Increased risk of accidents and injuries: Alcohol impairs judgment and coordination, increasing the likelihood of accidents and injuries.
• Alcohol acts as a carcinogen (cancer-causing agent), Incidence of the oral cavity, esophagus, and Breast cancer are noted at worldwide.
• Mental health disorders: alcohol use disorder is often associated with mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and increased risk of suicide.

Emergency

In cases of alcohol poisoning or severe withdrawal symptoms, it is essential to seek immediate medical attention. Signs of alcohol poisoning include confusion, vomiting, seizures, slow or irregular breathing, and unconsciousness.

Specialist to Visit:

If you suspect you or someone you know has an alcohol abuse disorder, it is advisable to seek help from a healthcare professional, such as a psychiatrist, addiction specialist, or primary care physician. These specialists can assess the condition, provide a diagnosis, and recommend appropriate treatment options.

Outlook

Individuals with alcoholism varies based on various factors, including the severity of the condition, individual commitment to recovery, and access to treatment and support. With appropriate treatment, lifestyle changes, and support, many individuals can achieve and maintain long-term recovery from alcohol use disorder.